Infringement Action

Decisions of the Unified Patent Court recorded under "Infringement Action" in UPC Litigation Watch, the case law database maintained by Dhenne Avocats.

Find a decision in three steps

  1. 1. SearchEnter a party name, case number or keyword.
  2. 2. RefineUse the filters to refine your search, then select Filter.
  3. 3. ReadOpen a title. The “Decision with commentary” badge identifies a case note by the firm.
Scope, method and reading key

UPC decisions and orders since 1 June 2023. “Decision with commentary” means the entry contains an analysis by Dhenne Avocats. “Summary available” identifies a summary; “Reference” identifies a record without a detailed case note. Open the entry for the source and, where available, the facts, reasoning and practical implications. The official decision is authoritative.

510 decisions recorded

Micron Technology v Ultron (CFI, UPC_CFI_2660/2026, 30 October 2026)

30 October 2026 CFI / Düsseldorf (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

In a procedural order of 30 October 2026 (UPC_CFI_2660/2026), the judge-rapporteur of the Düsseldorf Local Division ordered service of the statement of claim for infringement of EP 3 574 526 on the representative of Lexar Europe B.V., which accepted it.

Read the analysis

Establishment Labs v GC Aesthetics (CFI, UPC_CFI_1357/2025, 28 October 2026)

28 October 2026 CFI / Brussels (BE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

In an order of 28 October 2026 under Rule 105 RoP (UPC_CFI_1357/2025 and UPC_CFI_629/2026), the judge-rapporteur of the Brussels Local Division followed up on the interim conference held by videoconference on 27 October 2026 in Establishment Labs’ action for infringement of EP…

Read the analysis

CA v Deutsche Telekom (CFI, UPC_CFI_672/2026, 26 October 2026)

26 October 2026 CFI / Düsseldorf (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

In a procedural order of 26 October 2026, issued in German (UPC_CFI_672/2026 and UPC_CFI_2175/2026, EP 1 934 794 B1), the judge-rapporteur of the Düsseldorf Local Division classifies as confidential the highlighted information in the defendants’ rejoinder of 19 October 2026 and its…

Read the analysis

CUP&CINO v ALPINA Coffee Systems (CFI, 22 October 2026)

22 October 2026 CFI / Düsseldorf (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By a decision of 22 October 2026 (UPC_CFI_47/2025, counterclaim for revocation UPC_CFI_68/2025), Panel 2 of the Düsseldorf Local Division dismisses the action brought by CUP&CINO Kaffeesystem-Vertrieb GmbH & Co.

Read the analysis

Huawei Technologies v HMD Global (CFI, UPC_CFI_481/2025, 20 October 2026)

20 October 2026 CFI / Mannheim (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

In a decision of 20 October 2026 (UPC_CFI_481/2025 and UPC_CFI_1358/2025), the Mannheim Local Division, hearing Huawei’s action for infringement of EP 3 667 981 against HMD Global and a counterclaim for revocation, held that the asserted claims were not entitled to the…

Read the analysis

Barco v Yealink (CFI, 19 October 2026)

19 October 2026 CFI / Brussels (BE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By an order of 19 October 2026, published in the infringement action (UPC_CFI_806/2025) and in the counterclaim for revocation (UPC_CFI_185/2026), the judge-rapporteur of the Brussels Local Division, Samuel Granata, closes the interim procedure in the dispute between Barco N.V.

Read the analysis

Steindl Krantechnik v Kronos Machinery (CFI, 19 October 2026)

19 October 2026 CFI / Munich (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By an order of 19 October 2026 (UPC_CFI_1209/2025, counterclaim for revocation UPC_CFI_731/2026), Matthias Zigann, presiding judge of Panel 1a of the Munich Local Division acting as judge-rapporteur, closes the interim procedure in the action brought by Steindl Krantechnik Gesellschaft m.b.H.

Read the analysis

Align Technology v Angelalign (CFI, 16 October 2026)

16 October 2026 CFI / Paris (FR) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

In a decision on the merits of 16 October 2026 (UPC_CFI_684/2025 and UPC_CFI_2279/2025), the Paris Local Division upheld Align Technology’s unitary patent EP 2 237 738 B1 on orthodontic repositioning appliances and found literal infringement of claims 1, 4, 5, 7 and…

Read the analysis

Merz Pharma France v Viatris Santé (CFI, 15 October 2026)

15 October 2026 CFI / Paris (FR) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By an order of 15 October 2026 (UPC_CFI_1901/2026 and UPC_CFI_3259/2026), the Paris Local Division, sitting as a full panel presided over by Camille Lignières, referred Viatris Santé’s counterclaim for revocation to the Paris Central Division, in the dispute concerning Merz’s patent EP…

Read the analysis

Huawei v Sercomm Italia (CFI, 12 October 2026)

12 October 2026 CFI / Munich (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By a procedural order of 12 October 2026, issued in German, the Munich Local Division arranged service on Sercomm Italia SRL of two orders in its dispute with Huawei Technologies over EP 3 611 989 B1.

Read the analysis

Nixu FL IP Protection v Amazon Web Services (CFI, 9 October 2026)

9 October 2026 CFI / Milan (IT) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

In an order of 9 October 2026 (UPC_CFI_2434/2026), published on 22 October 2026, the panel of the Milan Local Division dismissed the application by Amazon Web Services, Inc., Amazon Web Services EMEA SARL, AWS European Sovereign Cloud GmbH and Amazon Data Services…

Read the analysis

AX Wireless v Xiaomi (CFI, refund of fee, 8 October 2026)

8 October 2026 CFI / Munich (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By an order of 8 October 2026 (UPC_CFI_676/2025), the judge-rapporteur of the Munich Local Division grants the request of the four Xiaomi defendants in AX Wireless, LLC's infringement action on EP 3 072 324 for a refund of EUR 4,900 overpaid on…

Read the analysis

Inficon v Elitech Technology (CFI, 6 October 2026)

6 October 2026 CFI / Düsseldorf (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By decision of 6 October 2026 in the joined proceedings UPC_CFI_137/2025 (infringement) and UPC_CFI_512/2025 (counterclaim for revocation), the Düsseldorf Local Division dismissed both Inficon's infringement action against Elitech Technology and Elitech UK, directed at the METRUM sniffing leak detector, and the counterclaim…

Read the analysis

Micron Technology v Ultron (CFI, 2 October 2026)

2 October 2026 CFI / Düsseldorf (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By order of 2 October 2026 (UPC_CFI_2660/2026), the judge-rapporteur of the Düsseldorf Local Division authorised Micron Technology to serve its statement of claim for infringement (EP 3 574 526) on Lexar Europe, the second defendant, established in the Netherlands, through a Dutch…

Read the analysis

Prinoth v Xelom (CFI, UPC_CFI_703/2025, 28 September 2026)

28 September 2026 CFI / Milan (IT) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

In an order of 28 September 2026 published on 29 October 2026 (UPC_CFI_703/2025 and UPC_CFI_1757/2025), the judge-rapporteur of the Milan Local Division answers the court expert’s request for clarification in the dispute between Prinoth and Xelom over EP 2 507 436 and…

Read the analysis

2seventy bio v Johnson & Johnson (CFI, 23 September 2026)

23 September 2026 CFI / Brussels (BE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

In this CAR-T life sciences infringement action, the Brussels Local Division dismissed the defendants' Rule 190 RoP applications for production of evidence directed at documents of the NIH (laboratory notebooks, invention reports, grant files, notice records), rejected the NIH's request to be…

Read the analysis

Koninklijke Philips v Quectel (CFI, UPC_CFI_2244/2025, 23 September 2026)

23 September 2026 CFI / The Hague (NL) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By an order of 23 September 2026, published on 16 October 2026, Judge-rapporteur Edger Brinkman of The Hague Local Division set the next steps in Koninklijke Philips’s infringement actions against Quectel Wireless Solutions and eight other companies (UPC_CFI_2244/2025 and UPC_CFI_2245/2025, counterclaims UPC_CFI_1450/2026…

Read the analysis

Koninklijke Philips v Quectel (CFI, UPC_CFI_2245/2025, 23 September 2026)

23 September 2026 CFI / The Hague (NL) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By order of 23 September 2026, the judge-rapporteur of The Hague Local Division draws the consequences of the second case management hearing held on 8 September 2026 in the infringement actions brought by Koninklijke Philips against Quectel and related companies, with counterclaims…

Read the analysis

Maxell v Samsung Electronics (CFI, 22 September 2026)

22 September 2026 CFI / Munich (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

The Munich local division revokes the European part of Maxell’s patent for lack of novelty and dismisses the infringement action. The decision confirms that an auxiliary request drawn from the description does not escape an obviousness objection where it merely adds a…

Read the analysis

NovaCloud Licensing v Meta Platforms Ireland (CFI, UPC_CFI_1310/2025, 18 September 2026)

18 September 2026 CFI / Mannheim (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By decision of 18 September 2026 (UPC_CFI_1310/2025, infringement, and UPC_CFI_1737/2026, counterclaim for revocation, EP 4 024 777), the judge-rapporteur of the Mannheim Local Division permitted the mutual withdrawals of NovaCloud Licensing and of Meta Platforms, Edge Network Services and Meta Platforms Ireland,…

Read the analysis

Avago Technologies International Sales v Hyundai Motor Deutschland (CFI, 16 September 2026)

16 September 2026 CFI / Munich (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By order of 6 August 2026, the judge-rapporteur of the Munich Local Division stayed Avago Technologies International Sales' infringement action against seven Hyundai companies, together with the counterclaim for revocation, until the EPO's final decision on the appeal against the revocation of…

Read the analysis

DivX v Netflix Services Germany (CFI, 15 September 2026)

15 September 2026 CFI / Munich (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By decision of 15 September 2026, given in the infringement action UPC_CFI_465/2025 and the counterclaim for revocation UPC_CFI_1121/2025, the Munich Local Division held the Netflix companies' counterclaim unfounded and DivX's infringement action well founded (paragraph 71).

Read the analysis

ToolGen v Vertex Pharmaceuticals (CFI, 15 September 2026)

15 September 2026 CFI / The Hague (NL) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By order of 15 September 2026 (UPC_CFI_1830/2026), the judge-rapporteur of The Hague Local Division dismissed two applications by Vertex Pharmaceuticals and Lonza Netherlands in ToolGen's infringement action based on EP 4 397 760 (genome editing using guide RNA and Cas protein), directed…

Read the analysis

CureVac Manufacturing v Moderna (CFI, 14 September 2026)

14 September 2026 CFI / The Hague (NL) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By order of 11 September 2026, the judge-rapporteur of The Hague Local Division defers Moderna’s preliminary objection on international jurisdiction to the main proceedings, dismisses its Rule 361 request and provisionally grants confidentiality protection limited to the representatives of CureVac Manufacturing GmbH.

Read the analysis

Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson v Shenzhen Transsion (CFI, UPC_CFI_1571/2025, 14 September 2026)

14 September 2026 CFI / Paris (FR) Central Division - Seat / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

In a decision of 14 September 2026, the Paris Central Division permitted Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson to withdraw its infringement actions (UPC_CFI_1571/2025 and UPC_CFI_710/2026, EP 3 672 085 and EP 3 659 314) following a settlement with Shenzhen Transsion, and closed both proceedings.

Read the analysis

Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson v Shenzhen Transsion (CFI, UPC_CFI_710/2026, 14 September 2026)

14 September 2026 CFI / Paris (FR) Central Division - Seat / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

In a decision of 14 September 2026, the Paris Central Division permitted Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson to withdraw its infringement actions (UPC_CFI_1571/2025 and UPC_CFI_710/2026, EP 3 672 085 and EP 3 659 314) following a settlement with Shenzhen Transsion, and closed both proceedings.

Read the analysis

Nixu FL IP Protection v Amazon Web Services (CFI, 4 September 2026)

4 September 2026 CFI / Milan (IT) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By order of 4 September 2026 (UPC_CFI_2434/2026), the judge-rapporteur of the Milan Local Division aligned the deadlines for the statements of defence and counterclaims for revocation of the four Amazon Web Services companies sued by NIXU FL IP Protection.

Read the analysis

Grundfos v Hefei Xinhu Canned Motor Pump (CFI, 4 September 2026)

4 September 2026 CFI / Düsseldorf (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By order of 4 September 2026 (UPC_CFI_11/2024), the Düsseldorf Local Division released the security for costs of EUR 150,000 (EUR 75,000 per appeal) provided by Hefei Xinhu Canned Motor Pump on the order of the Court of Appeal, in its dispute with…

Read the analysis

IAGON v Influx Technologies USA (CFI, 2 September 2026)

2 September 2026 CFI / Munich (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By order of 2 September 2026 (UPC_CFI_2280/2025), the judge-rapporteur of the Munich Local Division dismissed the request by Influx Technologies USA, Influx Technologies Limited and two further defendants for security for costs of EUR 112,000 against IAGON, a company based in the…

Read the analysis

Aesculap v Shanghai Bojin Medical Instrument (CFI, 27 August 2026)

27 August 2026 CFI / Düsseldorf (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By order of 27 August 2026 (UPC_CFI_307/2025), the Düsseldorf Local Division confirmed under Rule 365.1 RoP the settlement reached by Aesculap AG with Shanghai Bojin Medical Instrument and Shanghai Bojin Electric Instrument & Device in the infringement action on EP 2 892…

Read the analysis

iCAT v DENTSPLY SIRONA (CFI, 26 August 2026)

26 August 2026 CFI / Mannheim (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By order of 26 August 2026 (UPC_CFI_1938/2026), the judge-rapporteur of the Mannheim Local Division dismissed the preliminary objection of DENTSPLY SIRONA Inc. and Dentsply Sirona Deutschland, defendants to iCAT Corporation's infringement action on EP 1 808 129.

Read the analysis

Sun Patent Trust v Vivo Mobile Communication (CFI, 25 August 2026)

25 August 2026 CFI / Paris (FR) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By decision of 25 August 2026 (UPC_CFI_362/2025 and UPC_CFI_0001786/2025), the Paris Local Division permitted, under Rule 265 RoP, the withdrawal of Sun Patent Trust's infringement action on EP 3 407 524 against Vivo Mobile Communication Iberia, Vivo Tech and Vivo Mobile Communication,…

Read the analysis

Genevant Sciences v Moderna (CFI, UPC_CFI_192/2025, 25 August 2026)

25 August 2026 CFI / The Hague (NL) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

The Hague Local Division allows the withdrawal, following a settlement, of the infringement action brought by Genevant Sciences GmbH and Arbutus Biopharma Corporation against Moderna on EP 4 241 767 and of the counterclaim for revocation (paragraph 4).

Read the analysis

Versah v HaeNaem (CFI, 25 August 2026)

25 August 2026 CFI / Düsseldorf (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

In a decision on the merits of 25 August 2026 (UPC_CFI_56/2025 and UPC_CFI_864/2025), the Düsseldorf Local Division ruled on the infringement action on EP 3 402 420 (a dental rotary osteotome with helical flutes) brought by Versah LLC, an exclusive sub-licensee, against…

Read the analysis

Malikie Innovations v Xiaomi (CFI, UPC_CFI_1733/2025, 24 August 2026)

24 August 2026 CFI / Mannheim (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

In a decision of 24 August 2026 issued jointly in the infringement action (UPC_CFI_1733/2025) and the counterclaim for revocation (UPC_CFI_1537/2026), the judge-rapporteur of the Mannheim Local Division allowed the withdrawal of both actions between Malikie Innovations Limited and Xiaomi Corporation and eight…

Read the analysis

Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft v HMD Global (CFI, UPC_CFI_495/2025, 24 August 2026)

24 August 2026 CFI / Hamburg (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By decision of 24 August 2026 (UPC_CFI_495/2025 and UPC_CFI_1131/2025), the Hamburg Local Division upheld Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft's infringement action against HMD Global based on EP 2 609 590, which concerns the decoding of audio signals containing transients, maintained the patent as worded in Auxiliary…

Read the analysis

Dai Nippon Printing v Zapp (CFI, 21 August 2026)

21 August 2026 CFI / Düsseldorf (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By order of 21 August 2026 (UPC_CFI_466/2025 and UPC_CFI_869/2025), the Düsseldorf Local Division, in Dai Nippon Printing's infringement action on EP 3 805 415 against Zapp AG and Zapp Precision Metals, allowed the claimant to engage, at its own cost, interpreters from…

Read the analysis

PAPST LICENSING v Beijing Roborock Technology (CFI, 18 August 2026)

18 August 2026 CFI / Munich (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

In a decision of 17 August 2026, given in infringement action UPC_CFI_492/2025 and counterclaim for revocation UPC_CFI_1309/2025, the Munich Local Division dismisses the Roborock companies' preliminary objection and then PAPST LICENSING's infringement action based on EP 3 030 943 (a method for…

Read the analysis

Dolby International v CPYou (CFI, 18 August 2026)

18 August 2026 CFI / The Hague (NL) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

In an order of 8 July 2026 issued in the joined proceedings UPC-CFI-0001536/2025, UPC-CFI-0000982/2026 and UPC-CFI-0001168/2026 (EP 3 079 153), The Hague Local Division dismissed the application for panel review brought by Dolby International AB and the intervener Vectis IP Ltd.

Read the analysis

Koninklijke KPN v Oleading (CFI, 18 August 2026)

18 August 2026 CFI / The Hague (NL) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

In an order of 29 July 2026 issued in the infringement action UPC_CFI_565/2024 (and proceedings UPC-CFI-0002246/2025) concerning EP 2 337 403 and EP 3 944 587, the judge-rapporteur of The Hague Local Division ruled on the confidentiality club in Koninklijke KPN v…

Read the analysis

Boa v FLA Europe (CFI, 17 August 2026)

17 August 2026 CFI / Düsseldorf (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

In an order of 17 August 2026 (UPC_CFI_996/2025, UPC_CFI_737/2026 and UPC_CFI_742/2026, EP 3 003 087), the judge-rapporteur of the Düsseldorf Local Division provisionally admits Boa Technologies Inc.'s auxiliary requests 1bis to 12bis and defers its application under Rule 30.2 RoP to the…

Read the analysis

Yangtze Memory v Micron (CFI, 17 August 2026)

17 August 2026 CFI / Düsseldorf (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

On Micron’s application for protection of technical information on the Z01M chip, produced in support of a prior user right, the Local Division refuses an attorneys’ eyes only regime (paras.

Read the analysis

Barco v Yealink (Xiamen) Network (CFI, UPC_CFI_806/2025, 17 August 2026)

17 August 2026 CFI / Brussels (BE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

In an order of 17 August 2026 issued in the infringement action (UPC_CFI_806/2025) and the counterclaim for revocation (UPC_CFI_185/2026) concerning EP 3 732 827, the Brussels Local Division refused Barco NV's application to introduce a sixth auxiliary request against Yealink.

Read the analysis

BF exaQC v Google (CFI, 11 August 2026)

11 August 2026 CFI / Mannheim (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

In an order of 11 August 2026 (UPC_CFI_2082/2026), the President of the Court of First Instance grants the application of Google LLC and Google Germany GmbH and changes the language of the infringement proceedings brought by BF exaQC AG and ParTec AG…

Read the analysis

GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals v Moderna Netherlands (CFI, 10 August 2026)

10 August 2026 CFI / The Hague (NL) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By order of 10 August 2026 (UPC_CFI_619/2025, UPC_CFI_1526/2025 and UPC_CFI_2033/2025), The Hague Local Division deals, in the dispute between GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA and thirteen Moderna group companies, with the consequences of EPO decisions on two divisional patents stemming from the same application.

Read the analysis

GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals v C.P. Pharmaceuticals International C.V. (CFI, 10 August 2026)

10 August 2026 CFI / The Hague (NL) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By order of 10 August 2026 (UPC_CFI_621/2025, UPC_CFI_1707/2025 and UPC_CFI_1708/2025), The Hague Local Division deals, in the dispute between GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA and companies of the Pfizer and BioNTech groups, with the consequences of EPO decisions on two divisional patents stemming from…

Read the analysis

CA v Deutsche Telekom (CFI, 6 August 2026)

6 August 2026 CFI / Munich (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

In a decision of 29 July 2026, given in infringement action UPC_CFI_515/2026 and counterclaim UPC_CFI_1797/2026 (EP 1 955 151), the panel of the Munich Local Division rejects CA, Inc.'s application for review (Rule 333.1 RoP) of the judge-rapporteur's confidentiality order of 22…

Read the analysis

QIAGEN Sciences v bioMérieux (CFI, 5 August 2026)

5 August 2026 CFI / Düsseldorf (DE) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

In a decision of 5 August 2026 (UPC_CFI_181/2025, counterclaims UPC_CFI_497/2025 and UPC_CFI_516/2025, EP 2 726 883), the Düsseldorf Local Division, following a settlement, allows the withdrawals by QIAGEN Sciences, LLC and by bioMérieux S.A.

Read the analysis

Bostik v Henkel France (CFI, 31 July 2026)

31 July 2026 CFI / Paris (FR) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

In a decision of 31 July 2026, the Paris Local Division revokes in its entirety Bostik's European patent EP 1 725 627 (cohesive coating for snack food packaging), which had already expired, for added matter, and consequently dismisses the infringement action brought…

Read the analysis

Robert Bosch v OWIM (CFI, UPC_CFI_565/2025, 31 July 2026)

31 July 2026 CFI / Mannheim (DE) Local Division / Counterclaim for revocation Decision with commentary

In a decision of 31 July 2026, published on 3 November 2026 (UPC_CFI_565/2025 and UPC_CFI_841/2025), the Mannheim Local Division largely upholds Robert Bosch’s action against OWIM, maker of the Parkside brand, and three companies of the Lidl group.

Read the analysis

Biopsafe v Kaltek (CFI, 30 July 2026)

30 July 2026 CFI / Milan (IT) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

In an order of 30 July 2026 (UPC_CFI_2216/2025 and UPC_CFI_1829/2026), the Milan Local Division dismisses the application for security for costs filed by Kaltek s.r.l.

Read the analysis

Qord IP Protection v SmartThings (CFI, 30 July 2026)

30 July 2026 CFI / The Hague (NL) Local Division / Infringement Action Decision with commentary

By order of 30 July 2026, the judge-rapporteur of The Hague Local Division recorded the parties' agreement in Qord IP Protection's infringement action concerning EP 2 047 617: SmartThings appears voluntarily, and the time limit for the Statement of Defence (Rule 23)…

Read the analysis